* -ing for present participles (e.g., running, singing, dancing)
* -ed or -en for past participles (e.g., walked, seen, broken)
However, there are some exceptions and irregularities:
* -ing can also be used for past participles of some verbs (e.g., gone, fallen, gotten)
* -d or -t can also be used for past participles of some verbs (e.g., built, dreamt)
* Some verbs have irregular past participles (e.g., taken, written, done)
It's important to note that participles can also function as adjectives:
* The running water was refreshing. (running is an adjective describing the water)
* The broken vase was beyond repair. (broken is an adjective describing the vase)