1. Separating Independent Clauses:
* When you have two complete sentences (independent clauses) joined by a conjunction (and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet), use a comma before the conjunction.
* Example: *The sun was shining brightly, and the birds were singing merrily.*
2. Introducing Lists:
* Use commas to separate items in a list.
* Example: *I need to buy groceries, milk, eggs, and bread.*
3. Adding Non-Essential Information:
* Use commas to set off phrases or clauses that aren't essential to the meaning of the sentence (parentheticals).
* Example: *The dog, a golden retriever, wagged its tail excitedly.*
4. Addressing Someone Directly:
* Use commas to set off direct addresses.
* Example: *John, please pass the salt.*
5. After Introductory Phrases:
* Use a comma after an introductory phrase or clause.
* Example: *After the long drive, we were all tired.*
6. Avoiding Confusion:
* Commas can prevent misinterpretations.
* Example: *Let's eat, Grandma. vs. Let's eat Grandma.*
7. Interjections:
* Use commas to separate interjections (short exclamations) from the rest of the sentence.
* Example: *Wow, that's a beautiful painting!*
Remember, commas are like road signs in a sentence. They guide the reader through the information and ensure clarity.
Here are some common comma errors to avoid:
* Using a comma between a subject and verb.
* Using a comma after a dependent clause that begins a sentence.
* Using a comma to separate two independent clauses without a conjunction.
Practice using commas in your writing, and you'll soon master this important punctuation mark!