* Vocal characteristics: This includes things like tone of voice, pitch, volume, speed, rhythm, and pauses. These can convey emotions, attitudes, and emphasis.
* Non-vocal characteristics: This refers to things like facial expressions, body language, gestures, and even the proximity and physical touch between speakers. These cues help interpret the meaning of speech and add context.
Here's why this definition is the best:
* It highlights the importance of non-verbal cues in communication: While words carry a lot of information, paralanguage significantly shapes how we interpret what's being said.
* It encompasses a wide range of signals: It acknowledges that paralanguage includes both vocal and non-vocal elements, providing a comprehensive view of communication.
* It emphasizes the contribution to meaning: Paralanguage doesn't simply accompany speech; it actively contributes to the overall message, influencing understanding and interpretation.
In essence, paralanguage is a powerful tool that adds layers of meaning to spoken language, making communication richer and more nuanced.