1. Separating Elements:
* In lists: Commas are used to separate items in a series of three or more. Example: "I bought apples, oranges, and bananas."
* Between independent clauses: Commas are used to join two complete sentences with a coordinating conjunction (like "and," "but," "or," "so," "for," "yet," or "nor"). Example: "The sun was shining, but the air was cold."
* After introductory phrases and clauses: Commas are used after introductory elements that precede the main clause. Example: "After the long day, I was exhausted."
* To separate nonessential phrases and clauses: Commas are used to set off phrases or clauses that can be removed without changing the meaning of the sentence. Example: "The dog, who was brown and fluffy, wagged its tail."
2. To Indicate a Pause or Break:
* To set off appositives: Commas are used to set off words or phrases that rename or explain a noun. Example: "My sister, Sarah, is a doctor."
* To separate direct address: Commas are used to set off a person's name or a title when they are being directly addressed. Example: "John, please pass the salt."
* To separate interjections: Commas are used to separate interjections from the rest of the sentence. Example: "Oh, no! I forgot my keys."
* With dates, addresses, and numbers: Commas are used in certain specific instances to make these items easier to read. Example: "January 1, 2023," "123 Main Street, Anytown, USA," "1,000,000"
Remember that this is a simplified overview. There are many specific rules and nuances related to comma usage. It's always a good idea to consult a style guide or grammar book for more detailed information.