General synonyms:
* Constant variable
* Fixed variable
* Independent variable (though this is typically used in a broader sense)
* Standardized variable
More specific synonyms:
* Held constant (when referring to the action of controlling the variable)
* Unchanged variable (emphasizing that the variable remains the same)
* Manipulated variable (if the variable is being changed in a controlled way)
* Controlled factor (if emphasizing the broader context of a controlled experiment)
The best synonym will depend on the specific context of your sentence and what you are trying to emphasize.