1. Basic Rule: Add "-ing" to the base form of the verb.
* Example: walk + ing = walking
2. Verbs Ending in "-e": Drop the "-e" and add "-ing".
* Example: write + ing = writing
3. Verbs Ending in a Consonant Followed by a Single Vowel: Double the consonant before adding "-ing".
* Example: run + ing = running
4. Special Cases:
* Do: doing
* Go: going
* Have: having
5. Irregular Verbs: Some verbs have irregular present participle forms (they don't follow the rules).
* Example: be + ing = being, see + ing = seeing
Here's a quick summary:
* Base form + "-ing" = Present Participle
* Drop "-e" + "-ing" = Present Participle
* Double consonant + "-ing" = Present Participle
Remember: The present participle can act as an adjective (describing a noun) or part of a verb phrase (expressing ongoing action).
Examples:
* Adjective: The running dog chased the ball.
* Verb Phrase: The dog is running through the park.