Grammatical Functions:
* Subject: The noun or pronoun performing the action of the verb.
* Example: *The dog* barked. (*Dog* is the subject)
* Object: The noun or pronoun receiving the action of the verb.
* Example: He threw *the ball*. (*Ball* is the object)
* Indirect Object: The noun or pronoun who or what benefits from the action of the verb.
* Example: She gave *him* a book. (*Him* is the indirect object)
* Prepositional Object: The noun or pronoun that follows a preposition.
* Example: He sat *on the chair*. (*Chair* is the prepositional object)
* Appositive: A noun or pronoun that renames or explains another noun or pronoun.
* Example: My friend, *Sarah*, is coming. (*Sarah* is the appositive)
* Predicate Nominative: A noun or pronoun that renames the subject following a linking verb.
* Example: She is *a doctor*. (*Doctor* is the predicate nominative)
Relationships:
* Agreement: Nouns and pronouns agree with verbs in number (singular or plural) and person (first, second, or third).
* Example: *The cat* *is* sleeping. (Singular subject, singular verb)
* Case: Nouns and pronouns change form depending on their grammatical function (nominative, objective, possessive).
* Example: *I* saw *him*. (*I* is nominative, *him* is objective)
* Modifiers: Adjectives and adverbs modify nouns and pronouns, describing or giving more information.
* Example: *The big red* dog barked loudly. (*Big* and *red* modify *dog*; *loudly* modifies *barked*)
In summary, nouns and pronouns are related to other words in a sentence through their function in the sentence (subject, object, etc.), their agreement with verbs, and their relationship with modifiers.