1. Cognitive Models:
* Information Processing Model: This model views interpreting as a series of cognitive steps:
* Perception: Understanding the source language input.
* Analysis: Analyzing the meaning of the source language message.
* Transfer: Transferring the meaning to the target language.
* Production: Generating the target language output.
* Working Memory Model: This model emphasizes the limited capacity of our working memory, which is essential for holding both source and target language information simultaneously.
* Schema Theory: Interpreters rely on prior knowledge and schemas (mental frameworks) to understand and interpret language.
2. Sociolinguistic Models:
* The Role of Context: These models recognize that interpreting is not just about language but also about the social context in which it occurs. Factors like power dynamics, cultural norms, and the interpreter's role all influence the process.
* Intercultural Communication: Interpreters act as mediators between cultures, bridging cultural gaps and facilitating effective communication.
3. Pragmatic Models:
* Speech Act Theory: This theory focuses on the communicative intent behind utterances. Interpreters need to understand not only the literal meaning but also the intended meaning and purpose of the communication.
* Relevance Theory: Interpreters strive to provide the most relevant information to the target audience, even if it means adapting the message to fit the specific context.
4. Other Considerations:
* Memory: Interpreters need excellent short-term and working memory to retain information and produce fluent output.
* Multitasking: Interpreters perform complex tasks simultaneously, such as listening, analyzing, and speaking.
* Stress Management: Interpreting can be a stressful profession. Interpreters need to manage stress effectively to maintain their focus and accuracy.
Key Points:
* No single model fully explains interpreting: Interpreting is a complex process involving multiple cognitive, sociolinguistic, and pragmatic factors.
* Interdisciplinary nature: Research on interpreting draws from linguistics, psychology, sociology, and communication studies.
* Importance of training: Interpreters undergo rigorous training to develop the necessary skills and knowledge for effective interpreting.
These models provide a theoretical framework for understanding interpreting, but it's important to remember that interpreting is ultimately a dynamic and individual process. Experienced interpreters draw upon these models and their own personal skills and experience to navigate the challenges of real-time communication.