* Communication and record keeping: These writing systems allowed for the recording of information, laws, stories, and historical events. This enabled communication over long distances, preservation of knowledge, and the development of complex societies.
* Administration and governance: Hieroglyphics and cuneiform facilitated the organization of government and administration. They allowed for the recording of taxes, laws, and official decrees, contributing to the development of stable and organized societies.
* Education and intellectual development: The use of these writing systems led to the creation of schools and the spread of literacy. This allowed for the sharing of knowledge and the development of intellectual pursuits like astronomy, mathematics, and philosophy.
* Trade and commerce: Hieroglyphics and cuneiform enabled the recording of contracts, trade routes, and financial transactions, making it easier to conduct business and develop complex economies.
* Cultural and artistic expression: These writing systems were used in literature, art, and religious texts, contributing to the development of unique cultural identities and artistic expressions.
In summary, hieroglyphics and cuneiform played a crucial role in the development of complex civilizations by enabling communication, record keeping, administration, education, trade, and cultural expression. They were fundamental tools for creating and sustaining organized societies with advanced knowledge and cultural achievements.