MLA
* In the first mention: (Smith and Jones 12).
* In subsequent mentions: (Smith and Jones 12).
APA
* In the first mention: (Smith & Jones, 2023).
* In subsequent mentions: (Smith & Jones, 2023).
Chicago (Notes & Bibliography)
* In the first mention: Smith and Jones, *Title of Book or Article*, 12.
* In subsequent mentions: Smith and Jones, 12.
Chicago (Author-Date)
* In the first mention: (Smith and Jones 2023, 12).
* In subsequent mentions: (Smith and Jones 2023, 12).
Important Notes:
* Use "and" in the first mention of the authors in MLA and Chicago (Notes & Bibliography) styles.
* Use "&" in the first mention of the authors in APA and Chicago (Author-Date) styles.
* Always include the page number(s) where you found the information, unless the source is a website or other electronic resource that doesn't use page numbers.
* If the source has more than two authors, you can list all of them in the first mention, but for subsequent mentions, you can shorten it to the first author's name followed by "et al."
Example:
MLA
> Research suggests that "the majority of students prefer online learning" (Smith and Jones 12). In their study, Smith and Jones found that 80% of students surveyed said they preferred online learning.
APA
> Research suggests that "the majority of students prefer online learning" (Smith & Jones, 2023). In their study, Smith and Jones (2023) found that 80% of students surveyed said they preferred online learning.
Remember to consult your style guide for specific instructions.