* Both languages are used in a variety of contexts, including formal and informal settings. There isn't one language reserved for high-status domains like education or government, and another for everyday interactions.
* Both languages are equally prestigious and valued. There's no sense of one language being superior or "better" than the other.
* Both languages can be used interchangeably in many situations. Speakers may seamlessly switch between the two languages depending on the context, the other speakers present, and their personal preference.
Examples of bilingualism without diglossia:
* Switzerland: Swiss people often speak both German and French, using both languages in everyday life, depending on the region and social circle.
* Canada: Many Canadians are bilingual in English and French, using both languages in education, government, and personal interactions.
* Some regions of India: In some parts of India, people speak both Hindi and English, using both languages in different situations and without a clear hierarchy between them.
Contrast with diglossia:
Diglossia describes a situation where two languages are used in a community, but they have distinct, clearly defined roles and status.
* High variety: Used in formal settings like government, education, and literature.
* Low variety: Used in informal settings like home, family, and everyday conversations.
Examples of diglossia:
* Arabic: Modern Standard Arabic (high) is used in formal settings, while various dialects (low) are used in everyday life.
* Haitian Creole: Haitian Creole (low) is used for daily communication, while French (high) is used in official contexts.
Key takeaway:
Bilingualism without diglossia is characterized by the equal use and value of two languages across various domains, whereas diglossia is characterized by a clear distinction in function and status between two languages.