1. Doctrine, belief, or theory:
* Capitalism: The economic system based on private ownership and free markets.
* Socialism: The political and economic theory advocating for social ownership of the means of production.
* Feminism: The belief in social, political, and economic equality of the sexes.
2. Practice, action, or characteristic:
* Racism: Prejudice, discrimination, or antagonism directed against a person or people on the basis of their membership in a particular racial or ethnic group.
* Nationalism: Patriotic feeling, principles, or efforts.
* Realism: The attitude or practice of accepting a situation as it is and being prepared to deal with it accordingly.
3. Style, manner, or method:
* Modernism: A movement in the arts, literature, and music characterized by a break with traditional styles.
* Impressionism: A style of painting characterized by the use of short brush strokes and broken color.
* Expressionism: A style of art characterized by the expression of the artist's emotions.
4. State of being:
* Heroism: Great courage and bravery.
* Fanaticism: Excessive enthusiasm or zeal, especially for a cause or belief.
* Sadism: The tendency to derive pleasure, especially sexual gratification, from inflicting pain, suffering, or humiliation on others.
It's important to note that the specific meaning of "-ism" can vary depending on the context. It's also worth remembering that "-ism" often carries a connotation of strong conviction or belief, sometimes to the point of being dogmatic or intolerant.