1. Focus on Social Realities: Modern Indian writers often choose to write about the social, political, and economic realities of India. They tackle issues such as:
* Caste and class struggles: Writers like Mulk Raj Anand and R.K. Narayan explored the complex realities of caste and class in India, highlighting the systemic inequalities and struggles of marginalized communities.
* Colonialism and its impact: Many writers, including Rabindranath Tagore and Sharat Chandra Chattopadhyay, wrote about the effects of British colonialism on Indian society, culture, and identity.
* Post-independence challenges: Authors like Salman Rushdie and Vikram Seth delve into the challenges and complexities of a newly independent India, including religious tensions, economic disparities, and the search for national identity.
* Modernization and its impact: Writers like Amitav Ghosh and Arundhati Roy explore the impact of modernization on traditional values, cultural identities, and the environment.
2. Depiction of Everyday Life: Modern Indian literature often provides a detailed and nuanced portrayal of everyday life in India. It explores the lives of ordinary people from different walks of life, their struggles, joys, and relationships. This includes:
* The changing role of women: Writers like Anita Desai and Ismat Chughtai address the changing roles of women in Indian society, their struggles for independence, and their experiences of love, marriage, and family.
* Urban and rural life: Writers like Khushwant Singh and Chetan Bhagat contrast the fast-paced urban life with the slower pace of rural life, showcasing the diverse realities of India.
* The complexities of family dynamics: Indian literature often delves into the intricate relationships within families, including generational gaps, arranged marriages, and the changing dynamics of family life.
3. Use of Vernacular Language: Modern Indian literature is not confined to English. Many writers have chosen to write in their native languages, such as Hindi, Bengali, Tamil, etc. This allows them to express the nuances of their culture and the experiences of their people more authentically.
4. Psychological Depth: Many modern Indian writers go beyond simply depicting external realities and explore the inner world of their characters. They delve into their motivations, emotions, and complexities, giving the reader a deeper understanding of their choices and actions.
5. Avoiding Idealism: Modern Indian literature often avoids romanticizing or idealizing Indian society. While it acknowledges the beauty and richness of Indian culture, it doesn't shy away from portraying the darker aspects of reality, including poverty, corruption, and social injustice.
However, it's important to note that "realism" is not a monolithic concept. While modern Indian literature leans towards realism, it also incorporates elements of other literary genres like magical realism, satire, and symbolism. Ultimately, modern Indian literature offers a diverse and complex view of Indian life, reflecting the richness and complexity of its culture and society.