Key Features:
* Grammar:
* Word order: Subject-Verb-Object (SVO) is common, but not as rigidly enforced as in Modern English. You'll see more variations like Subject-Object-Verb (SOV)
* Case system: Nouns and pronouns change form depending on their grammatical function in a sentence. For example, nominative (subject), accusative (direct object), genitive (possessive), dative (indirect object).
* Declensions: Nouns, adjectives, and pronouns are organized into groups (declensions) based on how they change their endings.
* Conjugation: Verbs have complex conjugations, changing their forms based on person, number, tense, and mood.
* Lack of articles: "The" and "a/an" did not exist as we know them.
* Vocabulary:
* Many words are unrecognizable to modern readers: Words like "hreowan" (to rue), "wif" (woman), and "steorra" (star) are vastly different.
* Some words are familiar but have different meanings: "morgen" (morning) was "tomorrow" in Old English.
* Lots of prefixes and suffixes: Words are often built with prefixes like "ge-" (past tense), "a-" (on, at), and suffixes like "-ing" (present participle).
* Spelling:
* Runes: Old English was often written with runic alphabets.
* Different letters: The alphabet was slightly different, with letters like "þ" (thorn) and "ð" (eth) representing sounds we don't have in Modern English.
* Unfamiliar letter combinations: You'll see things like "cw" (like "qu"), "sc" (like "sh"), "h" (often silent).
Examples:
Old English: "Hwæt! We Gardena in geardagum, þēodcyninga, þrym gefrunon, hu ðā æþelingas ellen fremedon."
Modern English Translation: "Lo! We have heard tell of the glory of the Spear-Danes in days of yore, of the kings of tribes, how the noble warriors wrought deeds of valor."
How to Recognize Old English:
* Look for the grammatical features: Case endings, declensions, and conjugation patterns.
* Focus on the vocabulary: Many words will be unfamiliar, and those that are familiar may have different meanings.
* Pay attention to the spelling: Look for runic letters, different letter combinations, and unfamiliar spelling patterns.
Learning More:
* Online resources: There are many websites dedicated to Old English language and literature.
* Textbooks and dictionaries: Dedicated Old English textbooks and dictionaries are invaluable resources.
* Courses: Many universities and online platforms offer Old English language courses.
Remember, Old English is a fascinating and complex language. With some study and practice, you can develop the skills to recognize and understand this ancient form of English.